M-Wakili

Scienceand Technology Act Cap 250 - as Plain Text by MWakili

LAWS OF KENYA The Science and Technology acT Chapter 250 Revised Edition 2009 (1980) Published by the National Council for Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney General 2 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 CHAPTER 250 THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ACT arraNGeMeNt OF SeCtIONS Section part IprelIMINary 1Short title.

2Interpretation.

part IINatIONal COuNCIl FOr SCIeNCe aNd teChNOlOGy 3Establishment and composition of the Council.

4Functions of the Council.

5Steering Committee.

6Other committees of the Council.

7Annual report.

part IIIadvISOry reSearCh COMMItteeS 8Advisory Research Committees.

9 Functions of a Research Committee.

10Reports of Research Committees.

part IvreSearCh INStItuteS 11Interpretation of Part.

12Establishment of Research Institutes.

13Incorporation of Research Institutes.

14Functions of Research Institutes.

15Establishment of Boards of Management.

16Functions of the Boards.

17Discoveries and inventions.

18Financial provisions.

19Director.

20 Annual Report.

SCheduleS Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 3 CHAPTER 250 THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ACT 3 of 1977, L.N.

232/1977, Commencement: 1st July, 1977 7 of 1979, 13 of 1980, An Act of Parliament to establish machinery for making available to 12 of 1985, L.N.

40/2000.

the Government advice upon all matters relating to the scientic and technological activities and research necessary for the proper development of the Republic; and for the co-ordination of research and experimental development; and for matters incidental thereto and connected therewith part IprelIMINary 1.

This Act may be cited as the Science and Technology Act.

Short title.

2.

In this Act, except where the context otherwise requires Interpretation.

appointed member means a member of the Council appointed 7 of 1979, s.

3.

under paragraph (b) of subsection (2) of section 3; 13 of 1980, Sch.

Council means the National Council for Science and Technology established by subsection (1) of section 3; Director means a director of a Research Institute appointed under section 19; Research Committee means an Advisory Research Committee established by or under section 8; Research Institute means a Research Institute established by or under section 12; scheduled Ministry means a Ministry listed in Part A of the First Schedule; scheduled science means one of the groups of sciences listed in Part B of the First Schedule.

part IINatIONal COuNCIl FOr SCIeNCe aNd teChNOlOGy 3.

(1) There is hereby established a body to be known as the Establishment and National Council for Science and Technology.

compostion of the Council.

(2) The Council shall consist of (a) the Permanent Secretaries of the scheduled Ministries; 4 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 (b) twelve members appointed by the Minister each of whom shall be a scientist of eminence in a scheduled science, and in making such appointments the Minister shall ensure that each scheduled science is represented by at least one member suitably qualied therein.

(3) The Second Schedule shall have effect with respect to the Council.

(4) There shall be paid to each appointed member such remuneration and allowances as the Treasury may approve.

(5) All moneys necessary for the remuneration and allowances of appointed members and for the other expenses of the Council and the committees thereof shall be paid out of moneys provided by Parliament for that purpose.

Functions of the 4.

The functions of the Council shall be Council.

(a) to determine priorities for scientic and technological activities in Kenya in relation to the economic and social policies of the Government and its international commitments; (b) to advise the Government on a national science policy, including general planning and the assessment of the requisite nancial resources; (c) to ensure the application of the results of scientic activities to the development of agriculture, industry and social welfare in Kenya; (d) to advise the Government on the scientic and technological requirements for the conservation of the natural and social environment in Kenya; (e) to ensure co-operation and co-ordination between the various agencies involved in the machinery for making the national science policy; (f) to promote public condence in scientic expenditure and an atmosphere conducive to scientic activities; (g) to consider and advise generally on all scientic activities, including Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 5 (i) the application of the results of research; (ii) the transfer of technology into agriculture and industry; (iii) scientic and technical manpower (actual and potential); (iv) scientic research (oriented and non-oriented) and technology; (v) science education, not only at the advanced level in respect of the quality and quantity of potential manpower training but also at lower levels in respect of general science education for the public; and (vi) scientic documentation, statistics, surveys and general information; (h) to advise on suitable organizational arrangements for planning, managing and coordinating scientific activities at various levels, including the setting up of new Research Committees, and of research councils, research establishments and technical services; (i) to advise the Government on the overall financial requirements for the implementation of the national science policy and on disbursements to the agencies concerned; (j) to review generally and advise on the programmes and budgets for the promotion of the research and related scientic activities proposed by Ministers concerned and ensure that they are in harmony with the national science policy; (k) to carry out independently or in co-operation with any appropriate person, body of persons, agency or institution such surveys and investigations as the Council may consider necessary for its tasks; (l) to sponsor such national and international scientific conferences as it may consider appropriate; (m) to maintain relationships with corresponding scientic organizations in other countries; and (n) to undertake any other activities likely to assist in the carrying out of its functions.

6 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 Steering 5.

(1) The Council shall appoint a committee, to be known as the Committee.

Steering Committee, to elaborate the general science plan and to co- ordinate the work of other committees of the Council.

(2) The Steering Committee (a) shall consist of the chairman of the Council, who shall be the chairman of the Committee, and at least six other members of the Council; (b) may from time to time co-opt other persons as additional members whether such persons are members of the Council or not.

(3) The secretary to the Council shall be the secretary to the Steering Committee and shall attend all meetings thereof but shall not be entitled to vote.

(4) The quorum of the Steering Committee shall be not less than one-half of its current membership.

Other committees of 6.

(1) The Council may from time to time appoint such working or the Council.

other committees as it may think t, and may provide for the regulation of the proceedings of any such committee, including the quorum thereof.

(2) A committee appointed under this section (a) shall consist of a member of the Council, who shall be the chairman of the committee, and of such other members of the Council (if any) as the Council may think appropriate;and (b) may co-opt any person as an additional member of the committee, whether such person is a member of the Council or not.

Annual report.

7.

As soon as may be after the end of each year, the Council shall furnish to the Minister a report on the activities of the Council during that year.

part IIIadvISOry reSearCh COMMItteS Advisory Research 8.

(1) There are hereby established the Advisory Research Committees.

Committees set forth in the rst column of Part A of the Third Schedule.

(2) The Minister may, by notice in the Gazette (a) add further Research Committees to the Third Schedule, Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 7 which shall be deemed to have been established under subsection (1) from the date of the publication of the notice or from such later date as the Minister may specify therein; (b) amend the third column of the Third Schedule.

(3) Part B of the Third Schedule shall have effect with respect to a Research Committee.

(4) All moneys necessary for the payment of salaries and allowances of members of the Research Committees, other than public ofcers, and of other expenses of such Committees shall be paid out of moneys provided by Parliament for that purpose.

9.

The functions of a Research Committee shall be Functions of a Research (a) to advise, within its sector of scientic responsibility, all Committee.

appropriate Ministers on: (i) the details of the research programmes and projects required to implement the research priorities arising from the national science policy; (ii) the concomitant budget requirements so arising; (iii) the encouragement, promotion and co-ordination of all types of research; and (iv) the application of the results of research through the technical and development services of the Government; (b) to consider all types of research (fundamental, applied and developmental) pertaining to its sector of scientic responsibility; (c) to survey and register research programmes, and scientic and research facilities and personnel, governmental and otherwise, throughout Kenya; (d) to record research programmes of interest to Kenya being carried on outside Kenya, including those of the research institutes of the Community; (e) to disseminate information on such research programmes both inside and outside Kenya; (f) to assess the value of those research programmes in terms 8 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 of their signicance to the national economy and so advise the Ministers concerned and the Council; (g) to advise the Ministers concerned and the Council on such organizational changes, including the creation of institutes, as are required to implement, or further the efciency of, the research required by Kenya; (h) to encourage general education in the scheduled sciences and advise on the sponsoring of postgraduate training, and to advise Ministers and the Council on the manpower and educational requirements for research; (i) to maintain a close liaison with foreign and international bodies or organizations with similar interests; (j) to advise on the publishing of the results of research, particularly in relation to the problems of Kenya and the popularizing of such results where their general recognition is considered to be of national importance; (k) to advise on a quinquennial (or other suitable period related to the Development Plan) programme for research and the estimates for the concomitant budget; (l) to review, annually, the progress in research and to prepare for each Ministry its detailed programme and expenditure for the following year; (m) to carry out such other activities as will further the advancement of research and its application to development.

Reports of Research 10.

Each Research Committee shall, as soon as may be after the Committees.

end of each year, compile and publish a report (a) containing a statement of the activities of the Committee during that year; (b) reviewing the major achievements of research within its sector of scientic responsibility during that year; and (c) showing the status of the programme mentioned in paragraph (k) of section 9 as at the end of that year.

part IvreSearCh INStItuteS Interpretation of Part.

11.

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 9 participating Minister means the Minister for the time being 7 of 1979, s.

4.

responsible for the matters set out in the fourth column of the Fourth Schedule; responsible Minister means the Minister for the time being responsible for the matters set out in the third column of the Fourth Schedule.

12.

(1) There are hereby established the Research Institutes set Establishment of Research Institutes.

forth in the rst column of the Fourth Schedule.

(2) The Minister may on the advice of the Council and after consultation with the appropriate responsible Minister and participating Ministers, by notice in the Gazette, add further Research Institutes to the Fourth and Fifth Schedules and amend any of the provisions therein.

13.

Each Research Institute shall be a body corporate with Incorporation of perpetual succession and a common seal and shall have power to sue Research Institutes.

and be sued in its corporate name and to acquire, hold and dispose of movable and immovable property for its own purposes.

14.

The functions of Research Institutes shall be Functions of Research (a) to carry out research in the elds specied in the Fifth Institutes.

Schedule; (b) to co-operate with other organizations and institutions of higher learning in training programmes and on matters of relevant research; (c) to liaise with other research bodies within and outside Kenya carrying out similar research; (d) to disseminate research ndings; (e) to co-operate with the responsible Ministry, the Council and the relevant Research Committee, in matters pertaining to research policies and priorities; (f) to do all such things as appear to be necessary, desirable or expedient to carry out its functions.

15.

(1) There shall be a Board Management for each Research Establishment of Institute which shall consist of Boards of Management.

(a) the Permanent Secretary of the responsible Ministry or his representative; 10 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 (b) the secretary of the Council or his representative; (c) the secretary of the relevant Research Committee; (d) the Director of the Research Institute, who shall the Secretary to the Board; (e) the Permanent Secretaries of the participating Ministries or their representatives; (f) not more than seven members, appointed by the responsible Minister, who shall be qualied persons in matters relating to the research activities of the Research Institutes.

(2) The responsible Minister shall appoint a chairman from among the members appointed under this section.

(3) The Sixth Schedule shall have effect with regard to appointments to and procedures of Boards of Management.

(4) The moneys necessary for the payment of salaries and allowances of members of Boards, other than public ofcers, and of other expenses of such Boards, shall be paid out of moneys provided by Parliament for that purpose.

Functions of the 16.

(1) The functions of Boards of Management shall be Boards.

(a) to administer the property and funds of the Research Institute in such manner and for such purposes as will, in the opinion of the Board, promote its best interests; (b) on the advice of the relevant Research Committee, to approve and submit through the responsible Ministry programmes of research and nancial estimates for the consideration of the Council and the Treasury; (c) to administer approved estimates; (d) to receive on behalf of the Research Institute grants in aid, gifts, donations, fees, subscriptions or other moneys and make disbursements therefrom; (e) to make regulations governing the appointment, conduct and discipline of employees of the Research Institute; (f) in consultation with the Council to draw up a scheme of Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 11 service for employees of the Research Institute; (g) to administer the approved terms and conditions of service, including appointments, dismissals, remuneration and retiring benets, of employees of the Research Institute; (h) to manage the secondment of personnel to and out of the Research Institute in co-operation with other agencies; (i) to appoint such employees upon terms and conditions to be laid down by the Board after consultation with the Council as it considers necessary for the efcient conduct and operation of the Research Institute.

17.

(1) All rights in all discoveries, inventions and improvements Discoveries and in respect of processes, apparatus and machines made on behalf of inventions.

Research Institutes shall vest in the respective Research Institute but may be made available by it for use in the public interest.

(2) Publication relating to work carried out on behalf of a Research Institute shall be subject to approval by the Institute.

18.

(1) Each Research Institute shall be nanced by grants in aid Financial through the responsible Ministry, but it may also accept gifts, donations, provisions.

subscriptions, fees and other moneys for the implementation of approved programmes.

(2) The nancial year of each Research Institute shall be the same as the Government nancial year.

(3) The estimates of each Research Institute shall be submitted through the responsible Ministry for approval by the Treasury on the advice of the Council and shall make provisions for all the expenditure of the Research Institute for the nancial year concerned, and in particular shall provide for (a) the payment of salaries, allowances and all other charges in respect of employees of the Research Institute; (b) the payment of pensions, gratuities and all other charges in respect of retirement benets payable out of the funds of the Research Institute; (c) the procurement, proper maintenance, repair and replacement of equipment and other movable property of the Research Institute; 12 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 (d) the proper maintenance of the buildings and grounds of the Research Institute; (e) the funding of research activities in the Research Institute; (f) the creation of such reserve funds to meet future or contingent liabilities in respect of retiring benefits, insurance or replacement of buildings or equipment, or in respect of such other matters, as the Board may think t; (g) the cost of Board meetings; (h) capital expenditure.

(4) The Board of Management shall cause to be kept and the Director shall keep all proper books of account of the Research Institute.

(5) The accounts of each Research Institute shall be audited by 12 of 1985, Sch.

the Auditor-General (Corporations).

(6) The disposal of xed assets by the Board of Management shall be subject to the approval of the Treasury.

Director.

19.

(1) The responsible Minister shall, on the recommendation of the relevant Board of Management, appoint a Director of each Research Institute who shall hold ofce on such terms and conditions of service as may be specied in the instrument of his appointment.

(2) The Director, who shall be competent in research matters relating to the Research Institute, shall be its chief executive ofcer and responsible to the Board of Management for its management.

Annual Report.

20.

Each Research Institute shall, as soon as possible after the end of each nancial year, compile and publish a report containing (a) a statement outlining its activities and major achievements during the previous year, and its future programmes of research; and (b) a statement of accounts for that year.

Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 13 FiRST SchedUle (S.

2) part athe SCheduled MINIStrIeS The Ofce of the President and the Ministries under the direction of the Ministers for the time being responsible for matters relating to (a) agriculture; (b) commerce and industry; (c) social services; (d) education; (e) nance and economic planning (f) health; (g) housing; (h) lands; (i) natural resources; (j) power and communications; (k) public works; (l) wildlife; (m) water development; and (n) foreign affairs.

part Bthe SCheduled SCIeNCeS (a) agricultural and allied sciences; (b) physical sciences (including chemical sciences and mathematics); (c) industrial sciences, engineering and technology; (d) medical sciences (including pharmacology); (e) natural sciences (biosciences and geosciences); and (f) social sciences.

14 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 Second SchedUle (S.

3 (3)) prOvISIONS aS tO the NatIONal COuNCIl FOr SCIeNCe aNd teChNOlOGy 1.

Save as hereinafter provided, an appointed member shall hold ofce for such period not exceeding three years as the Minister may specify in the instrument of appointment, and shall be eligible for reappointment.

2.

An appointed member may at any time, by notice in writing addressed to the Minister, resign his ofce, and any such resignation shall have effect from the date of receipt of the notice by the Minister.

3.

If the Council so recommends, the Minister may, by notice in writing addressed to an appointed member, terminate the appointment of such member without assigning any reason therefor, and such termination shall have effect from the date of receipt of the notice by the member or from such later date as the Minister may specify in the notice.

4.

A Permanent Secretary who is a member of the Council may, with the consent of the Minister, appoint a public ofcer holding a rank not below Under Secretary to be an alternate member of the Council and such alternate member may exercise any of the functions, as member of the Council, of such Permanent Secretary during any period in which the Permanent Secretary is prevented by any reasonable cause from exercising such functions personally.

5.

The Minister shall appoint an appointed member to be chairman of the Council who shall hold ofce as such for a period of two years, unless he sooner ceases to be a member of the Council, and shall be eligible for reappointment as chairman, so however that no person shall hold ofce as chairman for more than two such periods consecutively.

6.

The Public Service Commission shall appoint a person who is qualied in a scheduled science to be the secretary to the Council, and the secretary shall attend all meetings of the Council but shall not be entitled to vote thereat.

7.

Where the Minister is satised that, owing to illness, absence or other reasonable cause, the chairman of the Council or any other appointed member is temporarily unable to exercise his functions as such, he may appoint another appointed member to act as chairman, or a suitably qualied person to act as appointed member, as the case may be, during the period of such disability.

Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 15 8.

Save as hereinafter provided the Council may regulate its procedure as it thinks t.

9.

The Council shall meet not less than twice in each year.

10.

The quorum of the Council shall be six ex ofcio members and six appointed members.

11.

The chairman of a research committee, and any other person permitted to do so by the Council, may attend any meeting of the Council and participate in its proceedings, but shall not be entitled to any vote at such meeting.

ThiRd SchedUle (S.

8) L.

N.

40 of 2000.

part areSearCh COMMItteeS Committee Minister Participating Ministers responsible The Agricultural Agriculture (i) Natural Resources.

Science Advisory (ii) Wildlife.

Research Committee.

(iii) Water Development.

The Medical Science Health - Advisory Research Committes.

The Industrial Industry (i) Social Services.

Sciences Advisory (ii) Housing.

Research Committee.

(iii) Power and Communications.

The Natural Science Natural (i) Lands.

Resources (ii) Wildlife.

(ii) Water Development.

National Advisory Education, (i) Education, Science and Research Committes Science and Techonology; on genetics Technology Resources (ii)Ofce of the President; (iii)Tourism,Trade and Industry; (iv)Natural Resources, Environment and Forestry; (v)Agriculture; (vi) Health; (vii) Finance; (viii) Home Affairs, Heritage and Sports.

16 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 part BprOvISIONS aS tO reSearCh COMMItteeS 1.

In this Schedule the Minister responsible, in relation to a Research Committee, means the Minister for the time being responsible for matters relating to the subject set forth in column 2 of Part A in respect of that Committee; participating Minister, in relation to a Research Committee, means a Minister who is for the time being responsible for matters relating to one of the subjects set forth in column 3 of Part A in respect of that Committee.

2.

A Research Committee shall consist of the following members, appointed by the Minister responsible after consultation with the participating Ministers (a) a chairman who shall be a person of distinction in the sector of scientic responsibility of the Committee; (b) not more than ten members who are research scientists or technologists representing that sector of scientific responsibility; and (c) not more than three members who have close association with the development and use of the scheduled sciences included in that sector of scientic responsibility.

3.

Save as hereinafter provided (a) the chairman of a Research Committee shall hold ofce for a period of ve years and shall be eligible for reappointment, so however that no person shall hold such ofce for more than two such periods consecutively; (b) a member, other than the chairman, of a Research Committee, shall hold ofce for a period of three years up to a maximum consecutive period of seven years.

4.

A member of a Research Committee may at any time, by notice in writing addressed to the Minister responsible, resign his ofce, and any such resignation shall have effect from the date of receipt of the notice by the Minister.

5.

If a Research Committee so recommends, the Minister responsible may, after consultation with the participating Ministers Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 17 and by notice in writing addressed to a member of that Committee, terminate the appointment of such member without assigning any reason therefor, and such termination shall have effect from the date of receipt of the notice by the member or from such later date as the Minister responsible may specify.

6.

Where the Minister responsible for a Research Committee is satised that, owing to illness, absence or other reasonable cause, the chairman or any other member of the Committee is temporarily unable to exercise his functions as such, he may appoint a suitably qualied person to act as chairman or as a member, as the case may be, during the period of such disability and may at any time revoke such temporary appointment.

7.

Save as hereinafter provided, a Research Committee may regulate its procedure as it thinks t.

8.

The quorum of a Research Committee shall be not less than one-half of its current membership.

9.

Where the chairman of a Research Committee is unable for any reason to attend a meeting thereof, the members present may elect one of their number to preside at that meeting.

10.

The following persons shall be entitled to attend a meeting of a Research Committee and to take part in the deliberations thereat, but not to vote (a) representatives of the Minister responsible or of a participating Minister; (b)a Director or other head of a Government Research Department; (c) a member of the Council or of its secretariat; (d) representatives of any other Minister who has sought the advice of the Committee on any matter which is being considered at that meeting.

11.

After consultation with a Research Committee the Minister responsible shall appoint a public ofcer to be the secretary to the Committee who shall manage the affairs of the Committee under its direction.

12.

(1) A Research Committee may appoint such standing and other sub-committees as it may consider necessary for the more efcient 18 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 performance of its functions.

(2) A sub-committee appointed under this section shall consist of a chairman who shall be one of the members of the Research Committee and such other persons, whether or not members of the committee, as the Committee may think t.

(3) A Research Committee may at any time dissolve, or vary the composition of, any sub-committee appointed by it.

(4) A Research Committee may x the quorum of a sub-committee appointed by it, and may regulate the proceedings thereof in such manner as the Committee may think t.

13.

Any member of a Research Committee or of a sub-committee thereof who has a personal interest in any contract or arrangement proposed to be considered at a meeting of the Committee or sub- committee shall forthwith declare his interest to the meeting and shall not vote on any question relating to such contract or arrangement.

FoURTh SchedUle (S.

12 (1)) L.N.

121/1986.

reSearCh INStItuteS Research Relevant Responsible Participating Ministry Institute Advisory Research Ministry (Ministry responsible Committee (Ministry responsible for matters relating to) for matters relating to) Kenya Agricultural Agriculture (i) Natural Resources.

Agricultural Sciences (ii) Health.

Research Institute.

Advisory Research (iii)Water Committee.

Development.

(iv)Commerce and Industry.

(v) Wildlife.

(vi) Lands.

(vii) Power and Communications.

Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 19 Kenya Industrial Industrial Sciences Industry (i) Agriculture.

Research and Advisory Research (ii) Health Development Committee.

(iii) Housing.

Institute.

(iv) Labour.

(v) Works.

(vi) Power and Comm- unications.

(vii)Water Development.

(viii) Natural Resources.

Kenya Marine and Natural Sciences Fisheries (i) Natural Resources.

Fisheries Research Advisory Research (ii)Water Institute.

Committee.

Development.

(iii) Health.

(iv) Power and Communications.

Kenya Medical Medical Sciences Health (i) Agriculture.

Research Institute.

Advisory (ii) Social Services.

Research (iii) Water Committee.

Development.

(iv) Commerce and Industry (v) Education.

(vi) Natural Resources.

Kenya Medical Sciences Health (i) Wildlife.

Trypanosomiasis Advisory Research (ii) Agriculture.

Research Institute Committee.

Kenya Forestry Agriculture Natural Resources (i)Agriculture.

Research Institute Advisory (ii) Indusrty.

Research (iii) Energy.

Committee.

(iv)Water Development.

(v) Widlife.

20 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 FIFTH SCHEDULE (s.14)(a)) detaIlS OF FIeldS OF reSearCh tO Be uNdertakeN Research Institute Field of Research Kenya Agricultural Research Agriculture.

Institute.

veterinary Science.

Kenya Industrial Research and Industrial and allied Technology Development Institute.

including Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Textile Technology, Electrical Engineering , Mining, Power Resources, Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry, Food Technology, Ceramics and Clay Technology.

Kenya Marine and Fisheries Marine and Freshwater Research Institute.

Fisheries.

Aquatic Biology including Environmental and Ecological Studies.

Marine Research including Chemical and Physical Oceanography.

Kenya Medical Research Biomedical Sciences.

Institute.

Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Human and Institute.

Animal Trypanosomiasis.

Kenya Forestry Research Forestry Institute Rev.

2009] Science and Technology CAP.

250 21 SiXTh SchedUle (S.

15 (3)) prOvISIONS aS tO BOardS OF MaNaGeMeNt OF reSeaCh INStItuteS 1.

Subject as hereinafter provided (a) an appointed member shall hold ofce for three years but shall be eligible for reappointment; (b) the chairman shall hold ofce for three years or such shorter term as remains for his membership of the Board but shall be eligible for reappointment as chairman.

2.

The chairman and any appointed member may at any time, by notice in writing addressed to the responsible Minister, resign his ofce, and any such resignation shall have effect from such date as the responsible Minister may decide.

3.

The responsible Minister may terminate the appointment of the chairman or any member of the Board appointed by him without assigning any reason therefor, and such termination shall have effect from the date of receipt of the notice by the member or from such later date as the Minister may specify in the notice.

4.

Where the responsible Minister is satised that owing to illness, absence or other reasonable cause the chairman or any other appointed member is temporarily unable to exercise his functions as such, he may appoint another appointed member as chairman, or a suitably qualied person to act as appointed member, as the case may be, during the period of such disability.

5.

A quorum of any Board shall be one third of the current membership.

6.

Decisions of any Board shall be by majority vote of the members present if a quorum, but in the event of a tie the chairman shall have a casting vote.

year.

7.

Each Board shall meet not less than three times in any calendar 8.

Subject to the foregoing Boards may regulate their own procedures.

9.

The common seal of each Board shall be authenticated by the 22 CAP.

250 Science and Technology [Rev.

2009 signatures of two members of the Board authorized in that behalf.

10.

Any document purporting to be a document duly executed or issued under the seal of a Board or on behalf of a Board shall be received in evidence and be deemed to be a document so executed or issued without further proof unless the contrary is shown.

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Is my data secure with M-Wakili?

Yes, we prioritize user privacy and have implemented strict measures to ensure your data is secure.

Can M-Wakili represent me in court?

Not yet. M-Wakili can help you understand the law and your legal situation, but you will need a human lawyer for court representation.

Do I need to pay for M-Wakili services?

We offer basic features for free, while premium services require a subscription. Visit our pricing page for more details.

How can M-Wakili help law students?

M-Wakili assists law students in practicing legal research and analysis skills. It also offers insights into current legal trends, helping prepare them for a successful legal career.

What does "HHH" mean?

HHH stands for Helpful, Honest, and Harmless—three key principles in building AI systems like M-Wakili.
- Helpful: M-Wakili genuinely aims to assist the user.
- Honest: M-Wakili provides information it believes to be true and avoids misinformation.
- Harmless: M-Wakili will not aid harmful activities or lead users into harm's way.